España contra Napoleón

Compradores, deudores y vendedores activos en los campos de la artesanía y la industria, los carniceros de los siglos XIII-XVI de las coronas de Aragón y Castilla y del sur de Francia (Languedoc y Provenza), que alimentaban y a veces dominaban los mercados (de la piel, el cuero, la lana, el hierro...), fueron nexos comerciales entre la ciudad y el campo, donde construyeron sus redes. Fueron también miembros de las elites urbanas y rurales y actores de las políticas fiscales, en particular a través de la explotación de los impuestos indirectos aplicados a los productos de consumo. En los ...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute...

Un magnífico ensayo sobre el fascinante papel del valido en la Europa de la era moderna. En los siglos XVI y XVII observadores ingleses, españoles, franceses y de otras naciones europeas se mostraban alarmados ante la creciente influencia de los validos, favoritos o ministros-favoritos. Estos personajes parecían estar usurpando competencias y obligaciones normalmente ejercidas por los monarcas. En este libro pionero, un grupo de ilustres historiadores internacionales -entre los que figuran Laurence Brockliss, Jonathan Brown, John H. Elliott, Antonio Feros, Marc Fumaroli y I.A.A. Thompson-...